Peace At Last

Muslims did not accept their presence and severed all contacts with them for fifty days. Then came the revelation to Mohammed indicating the acceptance of their repentance. The hypocrites had hidden agenda and Mohammed realized failure to take strong action against them will result in undermining the morale of the true believers. The agenda of the hypocrites was to create division among the Muslims and weaken their strength. They built a mosque at Duanan and they frequently assembled there and discussed ways and means how to weaken the morale of true believers. They invited Mohammed to inaugurate this mosque by offering prayers there. It was before the battle of Tabuk. 

Mohammed asked them to wait until he returned from Tabuk. Mohammed was fully convinced about their conspiracy and hidden agenda. Therefore, he commanded to demolish this mosque. It was a lesson to all hypocrites. They became frightened, except their leader Abdulla Ibn Ubay. There was none to give them shelter or refuge. Abdulla Ibn Ubay died two months after the battle of Tabuk. Ever since Muslims came to Medina, Abdulla Ibn Ubay was entertaining great hatred towards them. However, Mohammed took special care to see that no disrespect to his dead body was shown by Muslims. He offered prayer for him and spent at the burial ground till the body was buried. With the death of Abdulla Ibn Ubay the nuisance created by the hypocrites came to an end. The rest of them returned to be good Muslims and the Arabian Peninsula became free from all external attacks. Many new delegations came from different parts and embraced Islam. 

Justice P K Shamsuddin

Over to Dhuma

 However, if Byssantians made an attack through the Border States there was the possibility of the rulers helping them. Therefore Mohammed sent Khalid Bin Walid along with five hundred horsemen to Dhuma and Mohammed returned to Medina with the rest of the army. The ruler of Dhuma had gone with his brother for hunting. Taking note of this opportunity, Khalid attacked Dhuma. There was no serious resistance. He captured the ruler Ukaid, imprisoned him and asked him to open the gates of the city. In the meanwhile, Mohammed sent a message to Yohannan Bin Ria who was an important ruler of Aila, a border native state, asking him to surrender or face the war. On receipt of the message Yohannan came to Mohammed and proclaimed his loyalty to Mohammed and entered into a treaty with him. Similarly the natives of Jabral and Udurib also made valuable presence and entered into treaties with Mohammed. 

As directed by Khalid Bin Walid, the city gates of Dhuma was opened. He took out into custody 100 captives, 800 camels and 400 bags of wheat and went to Medina along with the captive Ubaydir. He embraced Islam in the presence of Mohammed. The treaties entered with the ruler of Aila and the nearby states ensured the protection of the borders of the Arabia peninsula from the attack of Byssantians. However, the army did not properly understand the importance and the significance of these treaties they entered. They felt, after crossing the desert, undergoing many hurdles and making sacrifices that they did not make any gain. As the result of the peace treaties, they could not collect any booties or material gains from the people who surrendered and proclaimed loyalty. Therefore, some of them evaluated this venture as a misadventure. This information reached Mohammed. Mohammed handled the situation and took the army into Medina. Then Khalid Bin Walid reached Mecca along with the cattles, corns and Ukaidir. Ukkaidir had worn coats woven wit golden thread and the people of Medina was wonderstruck at the site of Ukkaidir with this sort of pomp and glamour. 

Those who failed to join the army were feeling tension and as those who criticized the venture were conscious of the mistake they made. They approached Mohammed and tried to explain the reason for their conduct, which was not really genuine. Three of them confessed their mistakes and proved their loyalty. They were Kabba Ibn Malik, Munavar Ibin Rabbik and Halak Ibn Ubbayya. 

Justice P K Shamsuddin

War Again

The origin and growth of Islam; the story continues....

At Mecca all sorts of oppositions were suppressed; it was then that Mohammed heard that the Byssantians are marching towards them.  Lot of preparations were required for the Muslims to face a big force like that of Byssantians. He asked the tribes to organize a big army. There was a pretty good response to the call of Mohammed. They all came forward ready to march through the desert leaving behind their home and possessions. However, there were some people who refused to participate in the war. They were hypocrites who had embraced Islam for personal gains. Mohammed asked one of them whether he had any objection to be part of the army. He replied, “O, prophet of God, please give me exemption; please don’t put me into trouble. It is a fact that there is nobody who may match me. But when I see Byssantian women, I am afraid that I may lose may patience.” In the meanwhile some people assembled secretly.  No one knew about this. The purpose was to create confusion and put fear in the minds of the people about war. 

Mohammed formed a group under the leadership of Thahell Abdulla. Some people came forward with support and Haffar contributed one thousand Dinars. The rich people followed him and contributed accordingly. The poor people also cooperated according to their ability. Some among them were not able to raise funds for travel expenses. Mohammed told them that he has not sufficient resources to take them along with. They got frustrated and started weeping. Because of tears in their eyes they were called Dukaven. There were eight thousand soldiers in the army. Mohammed made arrangements for carrying on the administration in Medina, in his absence. Mohammed recruited Mohammed Bin Masalma to look after the affairs of the state. He also entrusted Ali to look after his domestic affairs. In Mohammed’s absence Abu Bekker led prayer till the prophet started from Medina and took over the command of the army. Abdulla Ibn Ubayy had joined the army along with his tribe. Mohammed thought that it would be better that he and his army remained in Medina because Mohammed had doubt about his integrity. Mohammed commanded the army to march towards Sham. Ten thousand horsemen followed the army. Abu Khaisema who witnessed  return home. His wives were waiting for him with eatables. He reamarked, “Should I seek pleased with   behind while prophet of God was in desert suffering from scorching sun and terrible heat. Please help me to join the army. Thus Abu Khaisema joined the army. The army advanced towards Hijr. There were remnants of ancient Byssantian buildings, constructed by the tribe of Hamud. A carving out from the rock, Mohammed ordered the army to rest there. He advised them not to go out in the night without the company of other persons. It was a place swept by strong winds of sand. In the morning they found that the well was filled with sand. There was not even a drop of water to drink. They were very much worried not knowing where they would get water, to quench their thirst. They had to travel still long distance. Suddenly the atmosphere became cloudy and the rains started. They drank the rain water and also collected it.

The army marched forward to Thabuk. The Byssantians by that time came to know about the march of the Muslim army and its strength. The army of Byssantians which was moving towards Thabuk was forced to retreat. They thought that it would be better for them to take refuge in the fort where Mohammed and his army came. They found that the Byssantian army has already withdrawn. A tribe residing at the border had already made peace treaty with Mohammed and therefore there was no reason to apprehend an attack against the Byssantians anymore. 

Justice P K Shamsuddin

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The Tribal Debate

A True account on the origin and growth of Islam (Contd.)

The domestic problem did not in any way affect the administration of the affairs of the state. The surrender of Mecca and the conversion of its inhabitants to Islam, increased the responsibilities of Mohammed. The mosque at Mecca was a holy place of the entire Arabia and they were conducting pilgrimage to Mecca from generations. Now, its’ custody and administration came into the hands of Mohammed and the new religion. Along with this the expenditure of administration also increased. To meet this contingency, a levy of ten percent of agricultural produces was imposed on the Muslim farmers. Later, this levy was made applicable to persons belonging to other faiths also. The tribes in Mecca generally accepted this levy, and readily discharged their obligation. The only exception to this was the tribe of Mustalac and the grant tribe of Banu Thanebm. 

Mohammed endorsed a man to collect the share of levy from the sub tribes. Then some persons belonging to Banu Khamsa a sub tribe of Banu Khanim armed themselves with weapons, confronted him and forcefully expelled him from the locality. It was done before levy was demanded fromsub tribe Banu Amu Hanwar. On knowing this, Mohammed sent fifty horsemen under the leadership of Unaina Bin Hisisn in order to meet the attackers. They attacked them and made some of them captives. Others ran away for their lives. Among the tribes, there were some Muslims belonging to Banu Talib. They had fought with Mohammed in the battle of Umain and also they had participated in the conquest of Mecca. There were others who remained in the old religion. They came to know about the calamity that was faced by the members of their tribes at the hands of the horsemen.

They sent a delegation consisting of the chieftain of the tribe to Mohammed. They entered the Mosque and shouted, ‘Mohammed come out down’, standing behind the room of Mohammed. Mohammed did not like this behavior. It is at that time the calls for the mid day prayers came and Mohammed came out of the room. On seeing him they complained about the treatment meted out to the members of their community by the Muslim army. They mentioned about their participation in the battle of Umain and they stated that they have come to enter into a debate with Mohammed and his followers. They sought the consent of Mohammed for that. The orator among them by name Uthuwaria Bin Khajiu stood up and presented his argument. When he finished Sabit Bin Quais stood up to make his argument with him. Thereafter the poet among them Hibri Khan Nin Baday stood up and recited a poem. Hasman Bin Sabit replied to him. The debate came to an end. Aqrat Bin Habis said, “By my father, the resource of Mohammed and his companions is wonderful. It outstands far greater than that of ours and their poet is far greater than our poet.” All the members of the delegation agreed to that. Mohammed released all the captives as requested by them.  

Justice P K Shamsuddin

Rumour in the Air

A rumour spread among the community saying that Mohammed is going to diverse his wife. His wives, who very much regretted on their own conduct, were also afraid not knowing what was the fate that await them. The suspense continued for a month. The Muslim community remained in utter confusion regarding the decision Mohammed is going to take in the case of his wives. It was at this situation that Umer wanted to meet Mohammed. He went to his house and asked Rubbah who was at the door to seek permission to meet Mohammed. Rubbah went to Mohammed and passed the request of Umer.  Rebbah returned but did not respond to Umer saying that the invitation was not allowed by Mohammed. Umer repeated his request. Even then Rebbah did not respond. Umer raised his voise and asked Rebbah to get consent for his entry. He also said, “The prophet would have mistaken that I came pleading for Hafsa. By God if the prophet asks me to cut off her head, I would do so.” 

Umer finally got the consent to meet Mohammed and he entered the room. Mohammed asked him why he was there. When Umer explained the reason, Mohammed responded, “Peace of mind is necessary to exercise prophet hood.” Umer said, “Oh prophet of God, what kind of discomfort caused you by your wives?” There was rumour in the air that he was going to diverse his wives. The Muslims were very much annoyed. People gathered in the mosque in a mood of great anxiety, not knowing what was to happen. Mohammed explained that he did not diverse his wives and Umer asked his consent to report the matter that he did not diverse his wives. He proclaimed in a loud voice that Mohammed did not diverse any of his wives. 

Justice P K Shamsuddin

Freedom at Home

Bad odor was always unbearable to Mohammed. Mohammed came to one of them. Hafsa asked him whether he had eaten Jofir. Mohammed replied, ”No, I have only consumed honey from the house of Saineb. Hereafter I will not drink it.” Souda, another wife of Mohammed also expressed the same opinion that bad odor emanated from Mohammed. That was part of the conspiracy entered into between Hafsa and Aisha. Mohammed replied, “No.” He said that Saineb had given some honey. Souda replied, “Oh she might have collected honey from the flowers of Gofir.” Sufia also said the same thing. Mohammed thereupon took oath that he would not consume honey thereafter. When Souda attempted to express regret, Aisha prevented her from doing it. 

Mohammed’s wives were taking such a liberty with him. It was Mohammed who gave women such freedom which they did not enjoy before. Once, Mohammed’s wife Hafsa went to her parent’s house. During that time Maria came to Hafsa’s house to see Mohammed and spent some time there. In the meanwhile Hafsa returned home and waited for the exit of Maria. Hafsa did not like the conduct of Maria. As Maria went out, Hafsa entered into the house filled with anger and said, “I saw one who was here. By God, you have humiliated me. If you had any consideration for me you would not have done it.” Finding the enormity of the anger in her face, Mohammed wanted to please her and told her that if she agreed not to disclose this event to anyone else he would not visit Maria hereafter. She agreed, but the jealousy that conquered her mind made it impossible for her to conceal this. She passed on this news to Aisha and Aisha made enquiry about this to Mohammed. Mohammed realized that Hafsa had violated her promise. He thought that she would pass this news to others also. There was nothing odd in the behavior of Mohammed in the incident mentioned above. However both Aisha and Hafsa entertained jealousy about the love and affection Mohammed had shown to Maria. Similarly, Saineb had a feeling that Mohammed was showing more affection and love towards Aisha. This behavior with wives pained Mohammed and he distanced himself from his wives for about a month. Nobody dared to ask him about this. In the meanwhile, he was trying to take the message of Islam beyond the Arabian Peninsula. However Abu Bekker and Umer, were worried about the fate which awaits their daughters.

Justice P K Shamsuddin 

Surrounded by the Wives

Asked, If Hafsa’s daughter is in the habit of criticizing the prophet, she replied, “By truth we use to criticize him.” I inducted her and said, “Beware of God’s punishment and anger of the prophet.” Ummu Selma said, “Oh son of Khatab. “Your conduct is very strange. You are interfering with everything. Are you going to interfere in the affairs of the prophet and his wives ?”

There is another story quoted by Muslin. Once Abu Becker came to the residence of Mohammed and sought his permission for entry into his room. He was given permission. Accordingly, he entered into the room. He saw Mohammed sitting gloomy in the midst of his wives. Soon after Umer also came and sought permission of Mohammed for entry to his room. Permission was accordingly granted. He also saw Mohammed sitting amidst his wives  in a gloomy mood. With a view to change the mood of Mohammed Umer said, “Oh prophet of God, if Binthu Kharij bargain with you for maintenance, I would have given her a clear place.” Mohammed laughed and said. “They have surrounded me demanding maintenance.” Hearing this Abu Becker gave a slap on his daughter Aisha. Umer also slapped his daughter Hafsa. He asked, “Are you demanding something which is not within the reach of the prophet?” Thereupon the wives of Mohammed said, “By God, you see that we did not demand anything from the prophet.”

Once Mohammed did not go to mosque, that became a matter of talk among the people. The reason for Abu Becker and Umer go to Mohammed residence was this. It is in this background that the following verse was revealed in the Quran. “Oh prophet, tell your wives,  if you want the world and the material and its resources, I will leave you …. If you want Allah and his prophet and his wives thereafter, God will reward to the righteous among you.” There is another incident which would reveal the liberty with him used by his wives. Once Mohammed went to his wife Saineb’s house. He stayed there longer than usual. It was not liked by his other wives. Aisha said, “I and Hafsa decided to say when Mohammed comes, some bad odor was emanating from his mouth.”

Justice PK Shamsuddin

Jealousy at Home

Her sisters Rukiya and Qmmu Kulhum had died earlier. Mohammed felt deep sorrow in the death of Sainaba. He remembered how she loved her husband,  Abul Bin Rabbay, who was a prisoner in the battle of Badr. She offered to pay money as ransom money to release him. She was a Muslim but her husband was a non Muslim. He fought against Muslims in the battle of Badr. Had the Muslims were defeated in the battle, her own father Mohammed would have been killed. In spite of all these she had loved her husband very much and she came forward to offer ransom for the liberty of her husband. Such was her love for her husband.

Mohammed also remembered the suffering of Sainaba due to prolonged illness. Mohammed was a person who had great concern for the poor and suffering. He used to travel to the suburbs of Medina to visit suffering persons and give relief to them. Now, his own daughter died after great suffering. His sorrow did not last for long. A boy was born to Mohammed through Maria. He named him Ibrahim. Maria was presented to Mohammed by an Egyptian emperor Muquaqus. Maria became pregnant when Mohammed was nearing 60. He was overjoyed on the birth of Ibrahim. Naturally, this generated jealousy in the minds of other wives of Mohammed. Mohammed’s great affection to this boy escalated their jealousy. One day, Mohammed took Ibrahim and approached Aisha. Mohammed asked about the boy’s similarity with the features of Mohammed. She remarked that she could not find any similarity of the boy with Mohammed. She added, If any child gets nursing and care as Ibrahim got, he would have similar beauty and health as that of Ibrahim. This was a clear indication of the jealousy of the wives of Mohammed at the birth of Ibrahim in Maria. 

Such a conduct from the sides of his wives was quite natural. Mohammed had bestowed such a high status and position to them which was unknown to the then Arabian Society. Umer had said, “By God, until the Holy words were revealed about women, the Meccans had not given any importance to their rights.“ Once I was about to grant permission for some purpose, then wives asked me whether he could not do in this day. I said, that you need not interfere with the thing I wanted to do. Then she said, “Umar Bin Quatab, your conduct is surprising. You won’t allow me criticize you but your daughter Afsa used to criticize the prophet in such a way that anybody would have shown and the whole day. When I heard these I went to Hafsa my daughter and asked her are you in the habit of educating masses in such a way?” 

Justice P K Shamsuddin

Emergence of Islam as One Power

Mohammed left Jiran for Mecca in order to perform Umra. After performance of Umra Mohammed appointed Aftab Ibn Muad as Governor of Mecca. For teaching Quran and impart religious instructions, Mohammed appointed Muaad Ibn Jabal. Thereafter Mohammed returned to Medina along with Mohajids.

After the surrender of Mecca and siege of Thaif there was no power in Arabia capable of any confrontation with Mohammed. The victory of Mohammed built a great impact on the Arab tribes. After Mohammed left Thaif, Dubair Ibn Suhair wrote to his brother Kaa Ibn Suhair that it should not be better for him to go to Medina to appear before Mohammed repenting in his rash conduct in making a poem defaming Mohammed or otherwise he will have to go to a far off place for his safety. On receipt of this message Kaa Ibn Suhair went to Mohammed and recited his poem. Mohammed accepted his repentance. Thereafter he lived as a good Muslim. 

The leaders of many tribes began to approach Mohammed declaring their loyalty to Mohammed. The delegation of Thwayy tribe under the leadership of Saibul Quil approached Mohammed. Mohammed received them warmly. They had discussion and Mohammed was pleased with the leader of Saibul tribe and he renamed him as Saidul Qair. The entire tribe embraced Islam in the presence of Mohammed.

Aby Iy Ibn Hathil was a Christian who did not like Mohammed. Finding the impact created among other tribes, after the victory of Mohammed in Mecca and Thaib, he along with family members left for Syria. His sister became a prisoner. When she saw Mohammed she said, “Oh prophet of God, my father died and brother left for Syria and so mercy towards me.” Mohammed traced her father’s details and made a gesture to set her free. Mohammed gave a gift of valuable cloths and some money and sent her to Syria along with the caravan headed to Syria. She joined them and explained to her brother the special charity extended to her by Mohammed. On hearing this he came to Median and embraced Islam in the presence of Mohammed. Similarly many tribes and individuals came to Mohammed and declared their loyalty and embraced Islam. However Mohammed did not have enough peace of mind as his daughter Sainaba fell seriously ill. She had to undergo persecution and torture from Huail and Habbar all the time. She migrated from Mecca to Medina.  At last she fell ill and died. With her death only Fathima was alive among the children of Mohammed. 

Justice P K Shamsuddin

A short Break

In that situation the siege had to be extended. The circumstances in which war was prohibited also were put to discussions. Mohammed finally decided to return to Mecca with the idea of performing Umrah. He declared that after the holy month the Muslims will again march to the enemy on hide.

On the way back to Mecca Mohammed and his companions came to Jirah. A delegation of Hayasin tribe approached Mohammed. They discussed with Mohammed. One of them addressed Mohammed thus, “Oh! Prophet of God, These prisoners of war are your relation. They are either your father’s, sister’s or mother’s and those nursed you during your childhood. It is not necessary to remind you about this. You are so kind and generous.”  The story of their relationship, which they told Mohammed was true. There was one old lady among the prisoners. The Muslim army behaved to her rudely. She raised her voice and said, “You should understand that I am a close relative of your leader.“ They could not believe it. They brought her to Mohammed. He recognized her as Shaima, the daughter of Haris Ibn Abdul Ussa. Mohammed spread his shawl on the floor and asked her to sit on it. Mohammed asked her whether she wanted to stay with him or go to her relatives. She liked to go with her relatives. Mohammed gave her permission to go to her relatives. 

Mohammed then turned to other members of Havisan tribe and asked them whether they liked to have their women and children or their wealth. They answered, “They only wanted their women and children.“ Mohammed gave his share of booty and the share of the tribe of Abdul Muthalib. Mohammed said that his share of booty and that of the tribe of Abdul Muthalib will be returned to them. Mohammed set free their women and children. Later Malik Ibn Ous came to Mohammed and he embraced Islam. Mohammed returned to him their relatives, besides hundred camels. 

Justice P K Shamsuddin

Fate of the Great Garden

 The defeat of the Meccans in Humain marked the complete devastation of the Meccans. The price that the Muslims had to pay for this victory was heavy. The army of the enemy was lead by Malik Bin Auf. After the defeat he escaped along with the tribe with him. Mohammed ordered to march towards them and attack the tribe under the leadership of Malik Bin Auf. Malik was in a safe place well protected by force. The men of Malik was quite familiar with this kind of warfare. 

The Muslims marched towards them and crossed Liyy. There was a fort belonging to Malik Bin Auf. The Muslims demolished the fort. They also demolished a building belonging to this tribe. They camped in a place nearby. Mohammed discussed with his companions regarding the future courses of action. The enemy tribe was watching the movement of the Muslims army from the top of their forts. They started aiming the Muslims and sending arrows. It was not easy for the Muslim army to attack the force which was well secured and protected. This necessitated some innovative techniques  to win over the Meccans and to protect themselves from the attack of the Meccans with the arrows. The Muslims had to move to a safe place. Some Muslims lost their lives and some including the son of Abu Bekker got injured. Muslims started to attack them with cling.

A section of the Muslim army moved forward to attack all of the force. The enemy tribesmen were very closer and they started throwing at Muslims. Muslims started to retreat without waiting. Utilizing this opportunity the tribe of Haquib started to aim arms and in this process a few more Mulims lost their lives. The attempt of the Muslims to capture the forts was foiled. The only option open to Muslims was to attack and destroy those great gardens which were guarded. Those great gardens were famous in Arabia. The Muslims started to destroy the garden.  Finding this  the tribe leader sent a messenger to Mohammed with a message that it was open to Mohammed to take this great garden or to save them considering the blood relationship between them. Thereupon Mohammed commanded the army to stop destruction of this great garden. He declared that those who surrendered to him can except good treatment from him. Mohammed understood that they had preserved food for sufficiently long time. 

Justice P K Shamsuddin

Blessed Again

Hearing the oath of Usman his brother said, “Stop talking! By God, I would prefer being put in prison by the Qureshis rather than the tribe of Havasi capture as prisoner.” This dialogue occurred when the Muslim army was getting shattered. Mohammed stood firm. A group of Mohajids and other relations created a circle around him. Addressing the members of the army, who were running away from the field, he asked, “Where are you running?“ He commanded to reinforce the army. That was not heeded to by the army. The tribe of Havasi came down into the position they were holding. Their commander was a person who was with a red camel. He was sitting on that camel while others started attacking the members of the Muslim army. The tribes of Havasin and Saqeb were also doing the same thing. Abbas shouted in loud voice “Oh Ansas who has given refuge and protection to Muslims were Mohajids who have taken oath to obey Mohammed rush for life?” 

They repeated this and this made a surprising turn. They remembered the solemn oath that they had taken. They thought of their own reputation. They also saw Mohammed standing firm in the field, undisturbed by this attack. They returned to the battle field with renewed vigor, enthusiasm and courage. A terrible fight followed. Finally, the Muslim army shattered the line of enemies. Mohammed glorified God and said, “It is only now the war began. God will not violate the promise God has given to his prophet.” Finding that they were incapable of defeating the Muslim army, a few tribes started running away from the battle field leaving behind their women, children, animals and everything they had brought into the battle field. Around 6,000 persons were captured by the Muslim army, besides 20,000 camels and 40,000 sheep and 4,000 ounces of silver which the enemy left. 

Justice P K Shamsuddin

Muslim Army Attacked

They considered that the Muslims were celebrating their victory and it was the most appropriate time to attack them. Malik Ibn Ous tried to organize Halasins and along with a few other tribes.  A few of them refused to join. Duraib was an old man belonging to Inushen tribe. He was too weak to actively participate in the operation but he was very intelligent and had rich experience in the tactics of war. Their consolidation of army consisted of even women and children and they camped at Mutab valley. Duraib, who was blind asked Malik why he had brought women, children, cattle and other properties to the battle field.  He replied that it was done to confuse the army. Duraib asked what would happen if they were defeated in the war. Could anything be done by the defeated party to protect anything which was brought to the battle field. He added “If we win the war credit should go the men who are fighting. Ladies and old cannot contribute anything in this. And if you are defeated in the war that properties will be taken away by the enemy as booty and we shall be humiliated.”

Malik did not agree with the opinion of Duraib. Others also endorsed Maliks view. Thinking that his conduct should not weaken them Duraib also joined them. Malik ordered his army to shatter the enemy army when they reached the valley of Umain hills. He thought that this unexpected attack would shatter the Muslim army and they could easily defeat them and the tribes of Umain will gain fame for crushing the Muslims and put an end to their onward march.

Muslim army camped at the valley of Umain in the night. On the morning they resumed their journey. At that time tribe under the leadership of Malik suddenly attacked them. The army started sending arrows one after another towards the Muslim army. The Muslim army was shattered and they started running away. Abu Sufian  also was there with the Muslim army. He saw the defeat of the Muslim army who were under the pride on the conquest of Mecca made and said and the victory of Muslims end. There upon Sheeba Ibn Usman who lost his father at the battle field of Uhd swore to take to vengeance on Mohammed. 

Justice P K Shamsuddin

Into the Hearts of Meccans

Mohammed reminded the Muslims present there that if anybody says that the prophet of God has been in war in Mecca, tell him “Oh tribe of Qusaa, God gave consent not to you but only to the prophet of God. Therefore stop killing people.  It is a great sin not a thing can be achieved by that. If anybody is murdered hereafter, his heir has the freedom to take vengeance or receive compensation from him.” In the referred case, Mohammed paid compensation to the heir of the person who was killed by the tribe of Qusaa. By solving the problem in this manner, Mohammed made a public declaration that nobody should indulge in killing or committing violence and set a very good example. This step naturally influenced the minds of the Meccans and later it resulted in mass conversion of Meccans to Islam. He said to the Meccans, “Oh people to whom I have utmost love. It means that you had always been in an elevated position. If you had not rejected and expelled me I would not have said these.” All these enhanced the respect of the Meccans towards Mohammed.

Abu Bekker produced his aged and blind father before Mohammed. Mohammed had expressed his displeasure in bringing the old man before him. He said that he should have gone to him. Mohammed invited him to sit by his side and requested him to accept Islam. Abu Huwaav (the name of the father of Abu Bekker) decided to embrace Islam. By exemplary conduct and extremely just treatment, Mohammed conquered the hearts of the Meccans.

Mohammed stayed in Mecca for fifteen days. Muslims were very much excited in the victory won by them without shedding any blood. They rushed to the mosque when they heard the call for prayer. They accompanied Mohammed to the Mosque. The Mohajids visited their old houses. It was then that they received a shocking news that the tribe of Halasin who lived a few miles away were marching against Muslims. Havasin tribesmen feared that the Muslims will make them the next target for attack. 

Justice P K Shamsuddin

My Life is with You

Mohammed’s declaration that you are free was a relief to the Meccan people who had entered into a conspiracy to kill him and were unleashing all kinds of torture and persecution against Mohammed and his companions. There were people who waged various wars against the religion of Islam. It was such people who stood before Mohammed with fear and anxiety, without knowing what kind of punishment was awaiting them. To their great surprise and relief, Mohammed declared that they are all free.

Mohammed entered into Kaba. There were statues and pictures of prophets and angels, including the statue of prophet Abraham. Mohammed removed all these pictures and statues from Kaba. The angels were depicted in the form of beautiful women. There were idols of other saintly people also. All these were removed. He convinced the Qureshis that these statues and idols will not do any good thing to them.

The people of Medina who gave refuge to Mohammed and Muslims were witnessing all these events. A fear arose in their minds that if Mecca has surrendered to Mohammed whether Mohammed would make Mecca his permanent place of residence. Mohammed found that something was disturbing the minds of the people of Medina. He asked them about it. With some hesitation they expressed their fear. Mohammed said, “My life is with you and my death also will be with you.” Mohammed fully observed his treaty with them at Ataba. He did not disappoint the people of Medina who stood by him during all his great troubles.

After the victory over Mecca, the tribe of Qvatha met with a man from the tribe of Hubai and they killed him. Mohammed knew about this and he got angry. He went to the people and addressed them, “Oh people God has given Purity to the city of Mecca from the time He created heaven and earth till the day of judgment. That purity should be maintained. None who believes in the world hereafter should shed blood or even cut a vein in Mecca. Nobody is given permission to do so before and even to me only for a limited period that such a permission shall given.” And immediately thereafter, this purity was reestablished. He also asked all those present there to convey the message to all who are not present. 

Justice P K Shamsuddin

You are Free

Muslim army entered Mecca. Only the division at the command of Khalid Ibn Walid met resistance. Mecca was a place where the people had great hatred towards Mohammed. A few of the  Meccans attacked Banu Bekker Qusa, an allie of Mohammed, in violation of the terms of treaty of Ubaidiya. They came forward to fight the Muslim army. In the forefront were Ikrima Bin Abu Jahai, Sawan and Suhail. When the division commanded by Khalid Ibn Walid was marching forward, these people started shedding arrows towards them. The Muslim camp lost two persons while the Meccans lost thirteen persons engaged in fighting. Finding that they would not be able to resist the Muslim army Ikrima and Fatwan ran away leaving their soldiers to the mercy of Walid. 

Mohammed was happy about the victory won by the Muslim army peacefully without much resistance. It was at that time that Mohammed knew about the confrontation of a small division of army with this division at the command of Khalid Ibn Walid. Mohammed was very sad about that. And again he brought to the notice of the Muslim army about his declaration, not to kill anybody or shed any blood. The Muslim army informed him about the circumstances under which the division under the command of Walid was forced to fight with the army led by Ikrima and group, who attacked with arrows. 

Mohammed camped at the place in the front of the mountain of Hint near the place where the viewed burial ground where Abu Talif and Khadija were laid to rest. He moved to his camp and then place from where he and his companions were expelled. He found that he is back in the same place with flying colours without much resistance. Mohammed thanked God for the mercy shown to him. He viewed the village valley and the surrounding mountain to which he used to retire whenever the  behavior of  Meccans turned unbearable. He was convinced that he has completed the task entrusted to him. He left the camp on his  camel Ksaba for Kaba. He circambulated Kaba seven times and finishing circambulation he called Usman Ibn and asked him to open the doors of Kaba. Mohammed stood at the doors of Kaba and addressed the audients gathered at the mosque. They replied only goodness, “You are charitable, and the son of a charitable father.” Prophet said, “You are free. You can go.”

Justice P K Shamsuddin

Muslims Enter Mecca

Abbas arrived at Aracca. Abbas informed the Meccans of the strength of the Muslim army and advised them that it would be better for them to surrender without using any force. The conversion of Abu Sufian to Islam did not anyway affect the Muslim army in their preparation to March to Mecca. Abu Sufian commented to Abbas about the wonderful energy of the Muslims and said, “These people did not have any strength before Abu Rassal (that was the pet name of Abu Sufian). “By God, no doubt, the infants of your brother’s son would be very powerful.” Abu Sufian started shouting, “Oh Qureshi, Mohammed is near you with a wonderful army. If anybody enters my house he shall be fearless. People who came inside the house and Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām will have also protection.”  

Mohammed was continuing his march with the army towards Mecca. They reached Duthuva. From there they examined the general atmosphere. Then Mohammed found that the Meccans were not prepared for any confrontation. Mohammed asked the army to stop there. He glorified Goid and expressed gratitude to Him. At that moment, Abu Quhafa, father of Abu Bekker who had not embraced Islam, asked his granddaughter to lead him Abu Quabis. She reached Abu Qubais along with Abu Quahafa who was blind. He realized that the Muslim cavalry was advancing towards Mecca and asked her to take him home immediately. But before he could reach home cavalry entered Mecca and prevented them from making further advance.

Mohammed commanded to divide the army into four. He also commanded not to kill anybody or shed any blood except under very exceptional circumstances. Hubain Bin Awam was to lead the army on the left side. Mohammed also commanded that troop to enter Mecca through the northern side. Khalid Ibn Wahid was entrusted to command the army of the right side. The leadership of the army consisting of the people of Medina were entrusted to Saad Bin Ubada. They were commanded to enter the city through western side. The leader of Mohajids, Abu Ubaida Bin Hadavala was commanded to enter the city through the mountain side. Mohammed also joined with them. As the army moved forward Saad Bin Ubada made a declaration that “Today is the day of war when no valley is attacked.” When Mohammed heard this he took back the flag with him and entrusted the flag to his son Quais who was not a man of emotion like his father.

Justice PK Shamsuddin 

Abu Sufian In

 Mohammed thought that it would be fruitful to present Abbas as his delegate to Mecca. Riding on the wise horse of Mohammed, Abbas was about to leave to Mecca as his delegate when he heard the conversation between Abu Sufian and Budail. Abu Sufian remarked, “I did not see right end army  as I witnessed tonight before.” Budail replied that they were tribesmen of Qusaa. Abu Sufian said, “Qusaan tribe was a known tribe and they would not be able to gather such a big army.” Abbas asked Abu Faisal, “Did you not see the prophet of God and the army marching towards Mecca? The Prophet will enter Mecca tomorrow and the Qureshis will be surprised.” Abu Sufian asked Abbas what should they do in the matter. Abbas took Abu Sufian on his horse and sent his companion to Mecca. He took him to the prophet. As they moved towards Mohammed, Umer recognized Abu Sufian and wanted to punish Abu Sufian in view of his past conduct. Abbas declared that he has given protection to Abu Sufian. There was dome exchange of words between Abbas and Umer. Mohammed intervened and asked Abbas to take his guest to the tent and meet him next morning. 

Next morning, Abu Sufian appeared before Mohammed. Senior companions and Mohajids had gathered there. Mohammed turned to Abu Sufian and asked him whether he could not feel acknowledged that there is no other God except the One God. Abu Sufian replied “You are great and charitable. By God my belief was that there are partners to God and they would be useful to me, but that did not happen.” Again Mohammed asked whether he could not still acknowledge that Mohammed was the messenger of God. Abu Sufian again said, “You are great. But I am not free from my doubt.” 

Abbas advised Abu Sufian to embrace Islam. Finding that he has no other choice Abu Sufian declared that there is only one God and Mohammed is his messenger. Then Abbas came to Mohammed and said, “Abu Sufian would be the person to be sad for some special position and asked Mohammed whether he should give some special position to him. Mohammed then declared  “Whoever entered the house of Abu Sufian and whoever shut the doors of their houses and remain in their houses and those who entered must be safe and protected.” 

Justice P K Shamsuddin 

The Big March to Mecca

When he reached Mecca, Abu Sufian shared his experiences at Medina. The Meccans found fault with Abu Sufian for choosing to be a victim, when he told them about his declaration of peace and rejection of it by Mohammed. They started consultation on the future course of action. Mohammed decided that no opportunity should be given to Meccans for preparation of war. His plan was to attack Mecca without giving them any chance to defend and without shedding any blood. Mohammed asked his companions to get the army ready quickly. It was only after the completion of all the preparations that Mohammed revealed about his operation against Mecca. In the meanwhile, Hatib Ibin Abu Baltha send a secret message through a female slave about the proposed operation of war. Hatib was a prominent Muslim. Mohammed came to know about this. Mohammed sent some men to follow her and confiscate her secret letter. They met her and finding that there is no other option than surrendering the letter, she took it out and gave it to them. They took it back to Medina and gave it to Mohammed. Hatib was summoned and Mohammed asked him what prompted him to do this. He replied, “By God, I have not lost faith in God and his messenger of God. I am a person among Muslims who has no fondly relations in Medina. I did it in the hope that my children and family in Mecca will not be in danger.” Umer asked the permission of Mohammed to put an end to his life for his act of treason. Mohammed accepted the explanation of Hatib, who had taken part in the battle of Badr, and released him.

The Muslim army marched towards Mecca. It was the largest army which was formed in Medina. The tribes of Zulain, Musaina and Qutfan joined them. As they marched foreword, new tribes also joined them. They had full confidence of victory. The army reached Deharan four miles away from Mecca. The strength of the army was over ten thousand. The Meccans had no knowledge about this military operation. They were debating as to how to consent the Muslim army. Abbas Ibn Abu Abdul Mutalib the uncle of Mohammed along with his family left Mecca and started to meet Mohammed. They met Mohammed at Juhfa. At the same time two more prominent Meccans Abu Sufian and  Abdulla Ibn Umer Umayya also left Mecca to meet Mohammed. They saw Muslim army at Nivil Iqab and sought permission to meet Mohammed. Though Mohammed was reluctant to give permission in view of their past conduct. Abu Sufian pretended to give an end to his life. Ultimately permission was given and they surrendered before Mohammed. Abdul Mutalib was wonder struck over the strength  of the army. They had already accepted Islam but worried what would happen to Meccans if the army attacked Mecca. Mohammed was very pleased on the openness of Abbas who expressed his anguish. 

Justice P K Shamsuddin

Treaty Violated

The members of Khusaa tribe ran to Mecca and took refuge in the house of Budail Bin Warqua. They complained that the Meccans and the Banu Bekkar tribe violated the terms of the treaty with Mohammed. Amr Ibn  Salim went to Medina in haste to inform Mohammed about the violation of the treaty. When he came there, Mohammed was sitting in the Mosque along with his companions. Amr Ibn  Salim reported the matter to Mohammed and sought his help. Mohammed said that the Muslims would certainly come for their rescue. Following Amr Ibn  Salim, Budail Bin Warqua and some others also came to Medina. They informed Mohammed the story of the  attack and the support rendered by Banu Bekker for the attack. Mohammed was convinced about the violation of the treaty by Meccans. Mohammed thought that conquering Mecca is the only solution for the violation of the treaty by Meccans. Mohammed asked all the Muslims to get ready for conquering Mecca. 

Some elderly people among Meccans realized the danger of the steps taken by Aikrima and some youth. They have violated the treaty at Hubaidiya. They also realized that the strength and command of Mohammed was increasing day by day. They pondered over what would happen if Mohammed attacked Mecca in support of Khusaa. They sent Abu Sufian to Medina for meeting Mohammed and asking to renew and extend the terms of treaty for ten years more. He met with Budail Bin Warqua and his people at  Ishphaan on his way to Medina. Abu Sufian feared that Warqua would have informed Mohammed about the attack on them and that would make his mission more difficult. Budail denied his talk with Mohammed. But Abu Sufian was intelligent enough to learn from the members of his tribe that he was returning from Medina. Therefore, he thought that before meeting with Mohammed it would be better to meet his daughter Ummu Habedbaa who was the wife of Mohammed. Though Ummu Habedeba did not know about the decision taken by Mohammed about attacking Mecca, she knew the general feelings of Muslims and the feelings of Mohammed and his companions. Abu Sufian who reached the residence of Ummu Habedeba was about to sit on the sheet used by Mohammed, which was prevented by Ummu Habedeba. Abu Sufian enquired about this conduct. She replied that Abu Sufian was not qualified to sit on the sheet used by the messenger of God. Abu Sufian got angry and left the residence of Ummu Habedeba. He went straight to Mohammed and wanted to extend the term of the treaty. Mohammed did not seriously take him. 

Frustrated, Abu Sufian went to Abu Bekker and requested him to intervene and speak to Mohammed about his mission. Abu Bekker also was not ready to oblige to him. When he met Umer, Umer was also not prepared to help him in this matter. Finally, he approached Ali and  explained the situation. Ali also was not ready to help him. He also requested to Fathima the daughter of Mohammed and wife of Ali to support him in the matter of his peace mission. She also expressed her helplessness. He asked Ali what he should do in the matter. Ali replied that he did not find any suggestion. He further said that utilizing his status as the head of Khimana tribe he could contact the people and return to Mecca and he did not find any other solution for this problem. Abu Sufian declared before the people gathered in the mosque that he came with peace mission and thereafter he left for Mecca. He was very sad about the conduct of his daughter and his people who were giving him great respect before Hijra. 

Justice P K Shamsuddin